#阅读理解 · 章节测

• 适用：学完 阅读理解题型与解题框架 后的实战检验
• 题量：Passage One / Passage Two 各 5 题（每篇约 400 词），新题型（7 选 5）5 题，共 15 题
• 计时建议：传统阅读每篇 18-20 分钟，新题型 15 分钟；全文合计约 55 分钟
• 做法要求：先按流程做题（题干 → 定位 → 出处句 → 选项），再对照文末解析；每道错题必须点名干扰项套路（偷换概念 / 以偏概全 / 无中生有 / 过度推理 / 原文反向 / 词汇迷惑 / 张冠李戴），说不出来套路的不算完成订正
• 全部文章与题目为模拟题（真题风格自编，不与任何真题原文重合）
• 错题请登记进 00-错题本，关联考点填题型标签（主旨 / 细节 / 推理 / 态度 / 例证 / 词义句义 / 新题型）

#Passage One

The four-day working week has moved from the margins of management theory to the center of public debate, and the discussion is now driven less by ideology than by data. In a widely cited pilot program, dozens of companies across several industries cut hours by twenty percent while holding pay flat. When researchers followed up six months later, most participating firms reported revenue that had held steady or grown, and employees reported lower burnout and better sleep. Advocates of the policy treated these results as conclusive.

The enthusiasm, however, outruns what the trial can actually support. Participating firms were volunteers, and firms that already doubted the model stayed away; what remains is a sample biased toward employers whose workflows could absorb a shorter week. Nor did the researchers observe a control group, which means the gains in well-being cannot be cleanly separated from the morale boost of simply being studied. Social scientists have a name for this problem, and it haunts workplace research more than most fields: people change their behavior when they know someone is watching.

There is also the question of what "productivity" means in a four-day setting. In knowledge work, output is notoriously hard to measure, so employees and managers fall back on proxies — hours logged, tickets closed, messages answered. A compressed week improves those proxies for a simple reason: it forces teams to cut meetings they never needed. The policy works, in other words, partly as a meeting-reduction program wearing the costume of a scheduling reform. That insight is less exciting than the headline, but it is far more portable: a company could capture much of the same benefit without touching the calendar at all.

Skeptics raise a different worry: that shorter weeks will widen the gap between comfortable office jobs and the shift work that keeps hospitals staffed and goods delivered. The concern is legitimate, though it is an argument about how the gains are distributed rather than about whether the gains exist. Some pilot companies responded by raising wages for weekend crews; others quietly returned to five days and said little about it.

Where does this leave the debate? The honest reading of the evidence is modest. Shorter weeks appear to work for some organizations some of the time, for reasons that are only partly understood. The stronger conclusion is about method: workplace reforms will keep producing noisy, oversold findings until researchers can compare like with like. Until then, both the cheerleaders and the doomsayers are selling certainty that the data cannot yet afford.

21. According to the first paragraph, the pilot program found that most participating firms

• A. suffered a sharp decline in revenue
• B. cut employee pay along with hours
• C. maintained or increased their revenue
• D. failed to measure employee burnout

22. The author mentions the absence of a control group in the second paragraph to

• A. explain why the pilot attracted volunteer firms
• B. question how firmly the reported well-being gains support the policy
• C. prove that employees behaved dishonestly during the trial
• D. show that social scientists coined the term for this problem

23. The phrase "wearing the costume of" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) suggests that the compressed week

• A. functions largely as a disguised way to reduce meetings
• B. is merely a theatrical exercise with no real effect
• C. imposes stricter dress codes on participating teams
• D. misleads employees about their working hours

24. Toward the four-day working week, the author's attitude is

• A. fully supportive
• B. indifferent
• C. doubtful about its feasibility in any firm
• D. cautiously reserved about the evidence

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

• A. Four Days, Better Sleep: The Case Is Closed
• B. Workplace Reform: Hired, Trialled, and Settled
• C. The Scheduling Fix: Why Shorter Weeks Always Work
• D. A Popular Experiment Weaker Than Its Headline

#Passage Two

In 2005, a time-use researcher made an observation that now seems prophetic: the scarcest resource in rich countries was no longer money or calories but attention. Two decades on, the prediction has hardened into an industry. Applications that block distracting websites sell subscriptions to the very people whose devices fragmented their focus in the first place, and books promising to restore "deep work" outsell most novels. We have, in effect, built a market that profits twice from the same deficit — once when it is created and once when it is sold back as a cure.

Defenders of the attention economy argue that no one is forced to scroll, and that complaining about persuasion is like blaming a bakery for its smell. The analogy is comforting but incomplete. A bakery does not run thousands of experiments on each customer to learn precisely when willpower fails, nor does it redesign its windows overnight in response to what it learned. Modern software does exactly that, with a speed and granularity that older forms of persuasion never approached. The playing field is not tilted by cleverness alone but by iteration.

None of this means individuals are helpless. The most effective countermeasures documented so far are startlingly dull: putting the phone in another room, printing reading lists on paper, scheduling email into two windows a day. Digital minimalists often describe these moves in heroic terms, as if choosing a paperback were an act of resistance. The self-dramatization is a little absurd, but the underlying logic is sound. Friction, it turns out, is a decision made in advance: every small obstacle placed between a person and a feed saves that person from renegotiating the bargain a hundred times a day.

Schools and employers, meanwhile, are reaching for structural answers. Some companies now schedule meeting-free mornings; some schools lock phones away until the final bell. Early evaluations suggest such policies help most those who were struggling most — a pattern familiar from other public-health interventions. Critics call the rules paternalistic, and in a narrow sense they are. But paternalism is not a magic word that ends the argument; the relevant question is whether the cost to freedom is worth the benefit to focus, and that is an empirical matter, not a philosophical one.

The deepest obstacle lies elsewhere. The firms best positioned to design calmer software are the ones whose revenue depends on engagement, and engagement is measured in minutes. Expecting them to reform voluntarily is like expecting a casino to post signs reminding visitors that the odds favor the house. Regulation may eventually arrive, as it did for tobacco and seatbelts, but it will be slow, contested, and written by people who grew up after the deficit did.

26. The author mentions the bakery analogy in the second paragraph to

• A. show that complaints about persuasion are unreasonable
• B. prove that bakeries never experiment on customers
• C. examine and then reject an argument defended by the industry
• D. illustrate how bakeries redesign their windows overnight

27. According to the third paragraph, effective countermeasures against distraction share the feature of

• A. requiring heroic self-discipline
• B. adding small obstacles in advance
• C. renegotiating the bargain daily
• D. relying on new software subscriptions

28. The word "granularity" (Line 5, Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to

• A. the quality of being finely detailed
• B. the tendency to grow coarser over time
• C. the amount of grain produced
• D. the severity of punishment

29. It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that

• A. paternalistic policies are always justified by their results
• B. the weakest users benefit most from structural interventions
• C. schools have abandoned phone locks after evaluations
• D. freedom and focus cannot be weighed against each other

30. The author suggests that real change in the attention economy will most likely come from

• A. voluntary reforms by engagement-driven firms
• B. individual acts of digital minimalism alone
• C. casinos posting honest signs about odds
• D. eventual regulation despite its slow pace

#新题型（7 选 5）

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 31-35, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each numbered gap in the text. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use.

When New Year's resolutions collapse by the second week of January, willpower usually takes the blame. Research on habit formation tells a less dramatic story: people fail not because their motivation is weak but because they rely on motivation at all. Habits are better understood as engineering problems, and like most engineering problems they yield to design rather than to effort.

The starting point is the loop. Every habit, from brushing teeth to checking a phone, runs through the same three stages: a cue, a routine, and a reward. [31] ______ Once you can name the cue, you have found the lever you can actually pull.

Consider a familiar case. A developer checks social media every time a build takes more than a minute. The cue is not boredom; it is the waiting itself. [32] ______ The phone stays in the bag, and the cue now triggers a different, harmless routine.

Environmental design beats resolution because it removes the decision entirely. A person who must choose, every evening, whether to open a textbook is a person who will sometimes choose not to. [33] ______ The decision happens once, on a quiet Sunday, instead of being re-fought nightly when energy is low.

Progress, however, must be measured honestly. Habit trackers that never show a missed day create a fragile sense of success, and one broken streak is often enough to abandon the whole project. [34] ______ What matters is the slope of the line, not any single point on it.

None of this makes motivation useless; it makes motivation unnecessary as a daily input. Motivation is the spark that chooses which habits to build, while design is the machinery that keeps them running. [35] ______ The people who seem effortlessly disciplined are, for the most part, simply living inside machines they built on purpose.

• [A] A better metric is the weekly ratio of completed sessions to planned ones, which absorbs an occasional lapse without collapsing.
• [B] By redesigning the loop — leaving a book on the pillow, laying out running clothes the night before — the evening decision is made in advance and cannot fail in the moment.
• [C] Rewards, on the other hand, are the hardest element to change, because they are fixed by biology rather than by circumstances.
• [D] The routine is the checking; the reward is a brief relief from waiting.
• [E] The trick is not to suppress the loop but to edit its middle stage: replace the routine while keeping the cue and the reward intact.
• [F] Building a machine takes an afternoon; letting it run takes a season, which is why most people give up before the parts fit together.
• [G] In the waiting case above, the replacement routine was invented not by the developer but by a colleague who faced the same problem.

#答案与解析

第 21 题（考点标签：细节题；难度：易；错因提醒：A、B 均为原文反向——原文是 revenue held steady or grown 且 holding pay flat；D 属无中生有，倦怠是被测量对象）

• 出处：第一段 "most participating firms reported revenue that had held steady or grown"
• 答案：C。held steady or grown 的同义改写即 maintained or increased
• 干扰项套路点名：A 原文反向；B 原文反向（pay 不变）；D 无中生有

第 22 题（考点标签：例证题；难度：中；错因提醒：例证题答案转述观点句而非复述例子内容。D 项"命名"是原文次要细节被拔高；C 项过度推理，原文说的是行为被观察改变，不是员工不诚实）

• 出处：第二段 "Nor did the researchers observe a control group, which means the gains in well-being cannot be cleanly separated from..."（该句同时承担观点句职能）
• 答案：B。作者引"无对照组"正是为了质疑幸福感收益的归因可靠性
• 干扰项套路点名：A 因果错置；C 过度推理；D 以偏概全（细节拔高为目的）

第 23 题（考点标签：词义句义题；难度：中；错因提醒：B 把比喻当实指——"穿着戏服"意为"本质是别的东西"，不等于"没有实效"；C 为词汇迷惑，拿 costume 的字面义"服装"硬套）

• 出处：第三段 "it forces teams to cut meetings they never needed. The policy works... partly as a meeting-reduction program wearing the costume of a scheduling reform."
• 答案：A。前文已给出解释：压缩工作周起作用的部分原因就是砍掉了无用会议，即"本质是减会计划、外表是排班改革"
• 干扰项套路点名：B 过度推理（原文明说 works）；C 词汇迷惑；D 无中生有

第 24 题（考点标签：态度题；难度：中；错因提醒：A 把首段转述的 advocates 立场当作者立场（张冠李戴）；C 走向另一极端，原文说 some organizations some of the time 有效，并未全盘否定）

• 出处：末段 "The honest reading of the evidence is modest... both the cheerleaders and the doomsayers are selling certainty that the data cannot yet afford."
• 答案：D。作者对证据持保留（modest / cannot yet afford certainty），既不拥趸也不抹杀
• 干扰项套路点名：A 张冠李戴；B 态度题凑数项（indifferent 基本可排除）；C 过度推理

第 25 题（考点标签：主旨题；难度：中；错因提醒：A、C 分别只对应首段与第三段的局部内容且方向相反；B 为无中生有，"settled"与全文基调相反）

• 出处：全文串线——试验数据热闹，但证据弱于标题；末段 "oversold findings" 直接点题
• 答案：D。覆盖全部五段：现象（热捧）→ 方法缺陷 → 机制再解释 → 分布争议 → 证据尚不足
• 干扰项套路点名：A 以偏概全 + 原文反向；B 无中生有；C 以偏概全 + 原文反向

第 26 题（考点标签：例证题；难度：中；错因提醒：A 是最大陷阱——它是原文转述的辩护方观点，作者恰恰要驳它；选 A 等于把靶子当结论。D 把例子内容本身当目的）

• 出处：第二段 "The analogy is comforting but incomplete."（but 后为作者立场：软件在做面包店不做的事——持续实验与迭代）
• 答案：C。作者引入类比是为了"先立后破"：检验并拒绝行业辩护
• 干扰项套路点名：A 张冠李戴；B 以偏概全（原文细节被反向利用）；D 就事论事复述例子

第 27 题（考点标签：细节题；难度：易；错因提醒：A 偷换概念——原文说 these moves described in heroic terms（被描述得悲壮），而有效对策本身 startlingly dull；C 原文反向，摩擦的意义正是免除每日重新谈判；D 无中生有）

• 出处：第三段 "startlingly dull... Friction, it turns out, is a decision made in advance: every small obstacle placed between a person and a feed saves that person from renegotiating..."
• 答案：B。有效对策的共同特征：提前设置小障碍（a decision made in advance）
• 干扰项套路点名：A 偷换概念；C 原文反向；D 无中生有

第 28 题（考点标签：词义句义题；难度：中；错因提醒：C 是熟悉词义（grain 谷物）硬套；D 为近形干扰（granularity 与 penalty 无关）；B 无中生有。解题靠并列结构 with a speed and granularity——speed 是"快"，并列的另一维度自然是"细"）

• 出处：第二段 "with a speed and granularity that older forms of persuasion never approached."（与前句 thousands of experiments... learn precisely when willpower fails 呼应：precisely）
• 答案：A。granularity = 颗粒度 = 精细程度
• 干扰项套路点名：B 无中生有；C 词汇迷惑（熟词僻义反向陷阱）；D 词汇迷惑

第 29 题（考点标签：推理题；难度：中；错因提醒：A 绝对化（always）——原文说这是个经验问题，需逐案衡量；C 原文反向（evaluations suggest such policies help）；D 原文反向（原文明说 can be weighed，是 empirical matter））

• 出处：第四段 "Early evaluations suggest such policies help most those who were struggling most — a pattern familiar from other public-health interventions."
• 答案：B。最小推理：结构性干预让原本最挣扎的人群获益最大（struggling most → weakest users）
• 干扰项套路点名：A 以偏概全（绝对词 always）；C 原文反向；D 原文反向

第 30 题（考点标签：细节题（考查末段结论）；难度：中；错因提醒：A 原文反向——作者明说 expecting them to reform voluntarily 如同指望赌场自曝赔率；B 以偏概全（个人对策只是第三段局部）；C 词汇迷惑，赌场是类比，不是建议对象）

• 出处：末段 "Regulation may eventually arrive, as it did for tobacco and seatbelts, but it will be slow, contested..."
• 答案：D。真正的改变最可能来自"虽迟但到"的监管
• 干扰项套路点名：A 原文反向；B 以偏概全；C 词汇迷惑

第 31 题（考点标签：新题型（词汇衔接）；难度：易；错因提醒：C 项与空前句共享 reward 一词，属"原词钓鱼"——但它谈的是 reward 难以改变，与"找到 cue 就找到杠杆"的逻辑线无关；D 项的 The routine 虽与 loop 呼应，但凭空引入未指代对象，且无"编辑/替换"动作，无法引出下段 Consider a familiar case 的"修改循环"案例）

• 出处：空前后线索：空前定义三阶段 cue—routine—reward；空后 "Once you can name the cue, you have found the lever"——空内必须建立"可编辑这个循环"的语义桥
• 答案：E。"不要压制循环而是编辑中间环节（保留 cue 与 reward、替换 routine）"正是承接三阶段定义、引出下文案例的关键句
• 干扰项套路点名：C 原词钓鱼 + 逻辑断链；D 代词悬空

第 32 题（考点标签：新题型（代词/指代衔接）；难度：中；错因提醒：F 项含 building a machine 的比喻，与上文 engineering problems 呼应度不低，但它在谈"耗时一个季节、人们半途而废"，与"替换 routine 的具体案例"无关；选 F 属"话题沾边、功能错位"）

• 出处：空前后线索：空后 "The phone stays in the bag, and the cue now triggers a different, harmless routine."——空前必须出现"另一个不同的 routine"；空前一句 "The cue is not boredom; it is the waiting itself."
• 答案：D。"The routine is the checking; the reward is a brief relief from waiting." 完成该案例的三要素拆解，其 the routine 恰好被空后的 a different routine 接住
• 干扰项套路点名：F 话题沾边、功能错位；G 无中生有（"由同事发明"文中无任何铺垫）

第 33 题（考点标签：新题型（段落主旨承接）；难度：中；错因提醒：B 的干扰构造最"贴心"：复述空后 "The decision happens once, on a quiet Sunday" 的内容，造成"读着通顺"的错觉——但该句作为答案会把空后句变成纯重复，段落失去推进；7 选 5 中与空后句信息重复度最高的选项要警惕）

• 出处：空前后线索：本段论点 "Environmental design beats resolution because it removes the decision entirely"；空后 "The decision happens once, on a quiet Sunday, instead of being re-fought nightly" 是该论点的展开例证
• 答案：B。"By redesigning the loop — leaving a book on the pillow... — the evening decision is made in advance" 承接论点并给出具体设计，空后句的 Sunday 决策正是对 B 的呼应
• 干扰项套路点名：F 功能错位（谈时间成本非决策设计）；C 断链（reward 难改与本段"决策移除"无关）

第 34 题（考点标签：新题型（转折与替代方案）；难度：中；错因提醒：G 项前半句 "In the waiting case above" 指代明确，极具迷惑性；但其内容（由同事发明对策）与"如何度量进度、如何对待中断"的段落论点完全无关——7 选 5 里"指代正确 + 内容错位"是仅次于"原词钓鱼"的第二大陷阱）

• 出处：空前后线索：空前批评"从不断链的 tracker 造成脆弱的成功感，一次断链就全盘放弃"；空后 "What matters is the slope of the line, not any single point"——空内需给出替代度量方案且必须解释为何能"吸收偶发中断"
• 答案：A。"更好的度量是每周完成/计划比值，能吸收偶发的 lapse 而不崩盘"，与空后"看斜率不看单点"严丝合缝
• 干扰项套路点名：G 指代正确、内容错位；C 原词钓鱼（reward 与 streak 无关）

第 35 题（考点标签：新题型（结尾收束/比喻呼应）；难度：中；错因提醒：本题的最大陷阱是"反向怀疑"——F 的 machine 与空后 machines 原词重合，很多考生因疑似"原词钓鱼"而错杀正确项；7 选 5 末空必须与全文"设计优于意志"的建设性基调一致，F 说"机器跑顺需要时间"是实践性提醒而非消极论）

• 出处：空前后线索：空前把 motivation 与 design 分工（spark / machinery）；空后 "The people who seem effortlessly disciplined are... living inside machines they built on purpose."——空内的 machine 表述需能在空后被原词接住
• 答案：F。"造机器只需一个下午，让它跑顺需要一个季度——这正是多数人在部件咬合前放弃的原因"承接"机器"比喻并给出全文最后的实践性收束，与空后"刻意住进自己造的机器里"形成完整闭环
• 干扰项套路点名：C 偏离主线（reward 难改与结尾收束无关），G 无中生有（"由同事发明"后文无任何接续）。特别提醒：F 在第 33、35 两空都构成干扰/候选，最终判定靠段落功能而非单句通顺度——33 空需要"具体设计动作"（B），35 空需要"时间与坚持的收束"（F）。多空复用干扰是 7 选 5 的常见命题手法

新题型答案速查：31-E，32-D，33-B，34-A，35-F（多余项：C、G）

#错题登记提醒

完成订正后，将错题登记到 00-错题本：错因按"概念不清 / 审题偏差 / 技巧缺失"归类（如定位错句属审题偏差，未识别干扰套路属技巧缺失，词义题不认识僻义属概念不清），关联考点填本题标签。同一题型累计错误 3 条以上，回读 阅读理解题型与解题框架 对应小节，并向协调者申请一次定向测（同题型变式重复）。